TGV/MGV - Lesson 24
Ba-|Iyi-Gol-Vuhlkansu - Tupa 24

GERUNDS & PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Torvel-zhitlar heh La-Wak-Zhikrushadayalar

In Federation Standard English (FSE), a gerund is a verbal form that functions as a noun and ends in "~ing". In Traditional and Modern Golic Vulcan, there is a gerund form that works nearly identically to that in FSE. All TGV/MGV gerunds end in " ~n " or " ~an ". They are normally formed from the base form of the verb they are ultimately derived from. To avoid confusion with a possible noun-pair of the verb, some TGV/MGV gerunds will have " ~yan " affixed. Irregular strong verbs cause the most confusion when forming a gerund. The student will have to remember these by example.

In TGV/MGV, present participles are related structurally to these forms and they act as adjectives. They end in " ~n-, ~nik ", " ~an, ~anik " or " ~yan-, ~yanik ". Just as with "true" adjectives, they almost always come in an affixing form and a standalone form.

The following tables show examples and the notes explain usage.


Verbs and Matching Gerunds/Present Participles
Tor-Zhitlar heh Pashifanik Torvel-Zhitlar|La-Wak-Zhikrushadayalar

Verb	Gerund	Present Participle
Ashiv-tor (to repeat)	Ashivan (n., repeating)	Ashivan-, Ashivanik (adj., repeating)
Fulag-tor (to lead)	Fulagan (n., leading)	Fulagan-, Fulaganik (adj., leading)
Is-tor (to use)	Isan (n., using)	Isan-, Isanik (adj., using)
Kum-tor (to catch)	Kuman (n., catching)	Kuman-, Kumanik (adj., catching)
Mahr-tor (to buy)	Mahran (n., buying)	Mahran-, Mahranik (adj., buying)
Tam-tor (to dance)	Taman (n., dancing)	Taman-, Tamanik (adj., dancing)
Zhu-tor (to hear)	Zhun (n., hearing)	Zhun-, Zhunik (adj., hearing)

Gerunds and Present Participles from Weak Verbs with Direct Affixing

Verb	Gerund	Present Participle
Da-tor (to rotate)	Dayan (n., rotating)	Dayan-, Dayanik (adj., rotating)
Gla-tor (to see)	Glayan (n., seeing)	Glayan-, Glayanik (adj., seeing)
She-tor (to ascend)	Sheyan (n., ascending)	Sheyan-, Sheyanik (adj., ascending)
Tev-tor (to descend)	Tevyan (n., descending)	Tevyan-, Tevyanik (adj., descending)
Zahv-tor (to taste)	Zahvyan (n., tasting)	Zahvyan-, Zahvyanik (adj., tasting)

Gerunds and Present Participles from Weak Verbs with "Yan" Affixing to
Avoid Confusion with a Related Noun

Verb	Gerund	Present Participle
Aitlu (to desire)	Aitluyan (n., desiring)	Aitluyan-, Aitluyanik (adj., desiring)
Estuhl (to touch)	Estuhlan (n., touching)	Estuhlan-, Estuhlanik (adj., touching)
Ip-Sut (to hide)	Ip-Sutan (n., hiding)	Ip-Sutan-, Ip-Sutanik (adj., hiding)
Lasha (to arrive)	Lashayan (n., arriving)	Lashayan-, Lashayanik (adj., arriving)
Pstha (to search)	Psthayan (n., searching)	Psthayan-, Psthayanik (adj., searching)
Salur (to blow)	Saluran (n., blowing)	Saluran-, Saluranik (adj., blowing)
Shei (to scream)	Shein (n., screaming)	Shein-, Sheinik (adj., screaming)
Thanai (to adopt)	Thanain (n., adopting)	Thanain-, Thanainik (adj., adopting)
Vlur (to howl)	Vluran (n., howling)	Vluran-, Vluranik (adj., howling)
Yokul (to eat)	Yokulan (n., eating)	Yokulan-, Yokulanik (adj., eating)

Gerunds and Present Participles from Irregular Strong Verbs

Verb	Gerund	Present Participle
Betau (to approach)	Betaun (n., approaching)	Betaun-, Betaunik (adj., approaching)
Danau (to explain)	Danaun (n., explaining)	Danaun-, Danaunik (adj., explaining)
Kitau (to write)	Kitaun (n., writing)	Kitaun-, Kitaunik (adj., writing)
Tishau (to like)	Tishaun (n., liking)	Tishaun-, Tishaunik (adj., liking)

Gerunds and Present Participles from Regular Strong Verbs

Notes
Pitohlar

1. The first thing that speakers of FSE must remember is that present tense in Golic Vulcan normally has only one form, whereas there are several forms in FSE, some possibly more grammatically correct than others. For example, in FSE you might say "Sonak is going to work" or "Sonak goes to work". Do not translate the first form with a gerundal Golic Vulcan word. Both of these constructions are >Hal-tor Sonak na'ar'kada< (lit. "Goes Sonak to work") in Golic Vulcan.

2. As stated, present participles act as adjectives. For example, "the falling leaves" or "the running sehlat". In Golic Vulcan, these are true adjectives. Almost all action-based adjectives, as these are usually called by Golic speakers, are preferably used in the combining form, if at all possible. So, "the falling leaves" would be >tevyan-morlar< and "the running sehlat" would be >sahran-sehlat<.

3. Present participles in Golic Vulcan often appear in clauses, as you would expect. For example, "Going to the window, T'Pau witnessed the crash" is translated as >Halanik na'krani - toglantal T'Pau tevul< (lit. "Going to-window, witnessed T'Pau crash).

4. In FSE sentences like "Riding elevators is something T'Shak never does", the "riding" is a gerund. In TGV/MGV you would translate this as >Faun svi'sa'adeklar ein-vel worla tor T'Shak< (lit. "Riding in-elevators something never does T'Shak").

5. You can have a sentence like FSE "Stonn watched the falling leaves dancing in the wind". Both "falling" and "dancing" describe "leaves" and are verbal adjectives (present participles) in TGV/MGV. This is translated: >Glantal Stonn tevyan-morlar tamanik svi'salan< (lit. "Watched Stonn falling-leaves dancing in-wind").

6. In translating a construction like FSE "The children stopped and watched the ship sail away", which can also be written "The children stopped and watched the ship sailing away", neither a gerund nor a present (or past) participle is used in TGV/MGV! This will be translated as: >Pehkal kanlar heh glantal samashalovaya t'masu-hali< (lit. "Stopped children and watched away-sailing of ship"). (This example has a true noun based on a prepositional verb, which is covered more in the following lesson...)


There are no exercises for this lesson (but more will be discussed about gerunds and participles in future lessons on clauses).

The student is encouraged to experiment by creating gerunds and present participles from verbs in the dictionaries, and try using them in sentences.

This lesson was put online on
December 16, 2004.
and last updated on
January 10, 2007.




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operating as the Vulcan Language Institute™.

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