TGV/MGV - Lesson 18
Ba-|Iyi-Gol-Vuhlkansu - Tupa 18

VERBS: ADVANCED FORMS
Tor-Zhitlar - Stor-Shidlar

This lesson covers sentences with
"able to", "could have" and "would have" verb forms.

Vocabulary
Zhit-Feim
(May include repeats from earlier lessons)

Dvel-tor to choose
Hash-tor to fly
Ip-sut to hide
Kum-tor to catch
Mahal-tor to swim
Mavau to play
Tam-tor to dance
Uralau to sing
Yetur to drive
Yokul to eat

Ek'gad all day
Ek'mu'yor all night
Kuv if
Ten-mal early
Tor-yehat possible
Vohris slow
Wuh'ashiv another

Dzharel "jarel", a pony-like horned animal
Eshikh desert
Ha-kel home
Kahr town
Kanu children (TGV)
Kanlar children (MGV)
Mor-gril a wolverine-like animal
Ralash-tanaf music
Wak time


Notes
Pitohlar

1. This is an example of a verb using the form equivalent to "able to":

Kitau = to write

Kup kitau nash-veh = I am able to write
Kup kitau du = you (singular) are able to write
Kup kitau sa-veh = he is able to write
Kup kitau ko-veh = she is able to write
Kup kitau ish-veh = it is able to write
Kup kitau etek = we are able to write
Kup kitau dular = you (plural) are able to write
Kup kitau au = they are able to write

2. This is an example of the same verb using the form equivalent to "could have":

Kupi ki'kital nash-veh = I could have written
Kupi ki'kital du = you (singular) could have written
Kupi ki'kital sa-veh = he could have written
Kupi ki'kital ko-veh = she could have written
Kupi ki'kital ish-veh = it could have written
Kupi ki'kital etek = we could have written
Kupi ki'kital dular = you (plural) could have written
Kupi ki'kital au = they could have written

3. This is an example of the same verb using the form equivalent to "would have"/"should have":

Vesht dungi ki'kital nash-veh = I would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital du = you (singular) would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital sa-veh = he would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital ko-veh = she would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital ish-veh = it would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital etek = we would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital dular = you (plural) would/should have written
Vesht dungi ki'kital au = they would/should have written

4. When a subjunctive is created with "if" ("kuv") and these verb forms, the verbs following the "if" remain in present tense form, since the sentence is already set to tense by the earlier verb. Also, if the subject is the same, it is not repeated. For example, >Vesht dungi ki'kital du kuv ma wak< literally means "You would have written if have time" but means "You would have written if you had time."


Exercise 1
Tusok 1

Translate the following into Federation Standard English:

1. Kup uralau du. 2. Kup hash-tor nash-veh. 3. Kup mahal-tor etek ha. 4. Kup mavau Sonok heh T'Luki ralash-tanaf. 5. Kup ip-sut dzharel svi'eshikh. 6. Kupi ki'yetur nash-veh. 7. Kupi ki'sarlah kanlar t'dular na'ha-kel. 8. Kupi ki'dvel-tor au wuh'ashiv dunap ha. 9. Kupi ki'tam-tor Kardassu ek'gad. 10. Vesht dungi ki'kitau ish-veh kuv ma wak. 11. Vesht dungi ki'yokul ten-mal Sonok kuv tor-yehat. 12. Vesht dungi ki'kum-tor mor-gril etek kuv vohris.

Exercise 2
Tusok 2

Translate the following into Golic Vulcan:

1. I am able to sing. 2. You are able to fly. 3. Are they able to swim? 4. Sonok and T'Luki are able to dance. 5. The sehlat is able to hide in the desert. 6. We could have driven to town. 7. Our children could have come home. 8. Could we have chosen another book? 9. The Ferengi could have danced all night. 10. I would have written if I had time. 11. T'Luki would have eaten early if possible. 12. The le-matya would have caught us if we were slow.


The student is encouraged to learn further by making new sentences based on words from the dictionaries.

This lesson was put online on
January 5, 2001
and updated on
January 19, 2005.




All original work on these pages ©1980-2016 by Mark R. Gardner et al
operating as the Vulcan Language Institute™.

Star Trek and its related characters are copyrighted by Paramount Pictures/CBS Paramount Television.